--- src/secure/lib/libcrypto/man/d2i_X509.3 2004/09/02 09:26:58 1.2 +++ src/secure/lib/libcrypto/man/d2i_X509.3 2004/12/18 21:34:10 1.3 @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ -.rn '' }` -''' $RCSfile: d2i_X509.3,v $$Revision: 1.2 $$Date: 2004/09/02 09:26:58 $ -''' -''' $Log: d2i_X509.3,v $ -''' Revision 1.2 2004/09/02 09:26:58 asmodai -''' Commit manual pages after running 'man-update' and add new manual pages. -''' -''' -.de Sh +.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man v1.37, Pod::Parser v1.14 +.\" +.\" Standard preamble: +.\" ======================================================================== +.de Sh \" Subsection heading .br .if t .Sp .ne 5 @@ -14,150 +10,98 @@ \fB\\$1\fR .PP .. -.de Sp +.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. -.de Ip -.br -.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3 -.el .ne 3 -.IP "\\$1" \\$2 -.. -.de Vb +.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. -.de Ve +.de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R - .fi .. -''' -''' -''' Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash; -''' string Tr holds user defined translation string. -''' Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character. -''' +.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will +.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left +.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. | will give a +.\" real vertical bar. \*(C+ will give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to +.\" do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' +.\" expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr +.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ -.ds -- \(*W- -.ds PI pi -.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch -.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch -.ds L" "" -.ds R" "" -''' \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of -''' \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines, -''' such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of -''' double-quote interpretation -.ds M" """ -.ds S" """ -.ds N" """"" -.ds T" """"" -.ds L' ' -.ds R' ' -.ds M' ' -.ds S' ' -.ds N' ' -.ds T' ' +. ds -- \(*W- +. ds PI pi +. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch +. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch +. ds L" "" +. ds R" "" +. ds C` "" +. ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ -.ds -- \(em\| -.tr \*(Tr -.ds L" `` -.ds R" '' -.ds M" `` -.ds S" '' -.ds N" `` -.ds T" '' -.ds L' ` -.ds R' ' -.ds M' ` -.ds S' ' -.ds N' ` -.ds T' ' -.ds PI \(*p +. ds -- \|\(em\| +. ds PI \(*p +. ds L" `` +. ds R" '' 'br\} -.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate -.\" index entries out stderr for the following things: -.\" TH Title -.\" SH Header -.\" Sh Subsection -.\" Ip Item -.\" X<> Xref (embedded -.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself -.\" in some meaninful fashion. -.if \nF \{ -.de IX -.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" +.\" +.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for +.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and index +.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the +.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. +.if \nF \{\ +. de IX +. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. -.nr % 0 -.rr F +. nr % 0 +. rr F .\} -.TH d2i_X509 3 "0.9.7d" "2/Sep/2004" "OpenSSL" -.UC -.if n .hy 0 +.\" +.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes +.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. +.hy 0 .if n .na -.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' -.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font -.ft CW -'if n "\c -'if t \\&\\$1\c -'if n \\&\\$1\c -'if n \&" -\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 -'.ft R -.. -.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2 -. \" AM - accent mark definitions -.bd B 3 -. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff +.\" +.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). +.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. +. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ -. ds #H 0 -. ds #V .8m -. ds #F .3m -. ds #[ \f1 -. ds #] \fP +. ds #H 0 +. ds #V .8m +. ds #F .3m +. ds #[ \f1 +. ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ -. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) -. ds #V .6m -. ds #F 0 -. ds #[ \& -. ds #] \& +. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) +. ds #V .6m +. ds #F 0 +. ds #[ \& +. ds #] \& .\} -. \" simple accents for nroff and troff +. \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ -. ds ' \& -. ds ` \& -. ds ^ \& -. ds , \& -. ds ~ ~ -. ds ? ? -. ds ! ! -. ds / -. ds q +. ds ' \& +. ds ` \& +. ds ^ \& +. ds , \& +. ds ~ ~ +. ds / .\} .if t \{\ -. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" -. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' -. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' -. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' -. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' -. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10' -. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m' -. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' -. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10' +. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" +. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' +. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' +. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} -. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents +. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' -.ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] -.ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' -.ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u' -.ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#] .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' @@ -165,134 +109,142 @@ .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E -.ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e -.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E -. \" corrections for vroff +. \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' -. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) +. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ -. ds : e -. ds 8 ss -. ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga' -. ds _ \h'-1'^ -. ds . \h'-1'. -. ds 3 3 -. ds o a -. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga -. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy -. ds th \o'bp' -. ds Th \o'LP' -. ds ae ae -. ds Ae AE -. ds oe oe -. ds Oe OE +. ds : e +. ds 8 ss +. ds o a +. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga +. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy +. ds th \o'bp' +. ds Th \o'LP' +. ds ae ae +. ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C +.\" ======================================================================== +.\" +.IX Title "d2i_X509 3" +.TH d2i_X509 3 "2004-12-18" "0.9.7e" "OpenSSL" .SH "NAME" d2i_X509, i2d_X509, d2i_X509_bio, d2i_X509_fp, i2d_X509_bio, i2d_X509_fp \- X509 encode and decode functions .SH "SYNOPSIS" -.PP +.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" .Vb 1 \& #include .Ve +.PP .Vb 2 \& X509 *d2i_X509(X509 **px, unsigned char **in, int len); \& int i2d_X509(X509 *x, unsigned char **out); .Ve +.PP .Vb 2 \& X509 *d2i_X509_bio(BIO *bp, X509 **x); \& X509 *d2i_X509_fp(FILE *fp, X509 **x); .Ve +.PP .Vb 2 \& int i2d_X509_bio(X509 *x, BIO *bp); \& int i2d_X509_fp(X509 *x, FILE *fp); .Ve .SH "DESCRIPTION" +.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The X509 encode and decode routines encode and parse an -\fBX509\fR structure, which represents an X509 certificate. +\&\fBX509\fR structure, which represents an X509 certificate. .PP -\fId2i_X509()\fR attempts to decode \fBlen\fR bytes at \fB*out\fR. If +\&\fId2i_X509()\fR attempts to decode \fBlen\fR bytes at \fB*out\fR. If successful a pointer to the \fBX509\fR structure is returned. If an error -occurred then \fBNULL\fR is returned. If \fBpx\fR is not \fBNULL\fR then the -returned structure is written to \fB*px\fR. If \fB*px\fR is not \fBNULL\fR +occurred then \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR is returned. If \fBpx\fR is not \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR then the +returned structure is written to \fB*px\fR. If \fB*px\fR is not \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR then it is assumed that \fB*px\fR contains a valid \fBX509\fR structure and an attempt is made to reuse it. If the call is successful \fB*out\fR is incremented to the byte following the parsed data. .PP -\fIi2d_X509()\fR encodes the structure pointed to by \fBx\fR into DER format. -If \fBout\fR is not \fBNULL\fR is writes the DER encoded data to the buffer +\&\fIi2d_X509()\fR encodes the structure pointed to by \fBx\fR into \s-1DER\s0 format. +If \fBout\fR is not \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR is writes the \s-1DER\s0 encoded data to the buffer at \fB*out\fR, and increments it to point after the data just written. If the return value is negative an error occurred, otherwise it returns the length of the encoded data. .PP -For OpenSSL 0.9.7 and later if \fB*out\fR is \fBNULL\fR memory will be +For OpenSSL 0.9.7 and later if \fB*out\fR is \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR memory will be allocated for a buffer and the encoded data written to it. In this case \fB*out\fR is not incremented and it points to the start of the data just written. .PP -\fId2i_X509_bio()\fR is similar to \fId2i_X509()\fR except it attempts -to parse data from BIO \fBbp\fR. +\&\fId2i_X509_bio()\fR is similar to \fId2i_X509()\fR except it attempts +to parse data from \s-1BIO\s0 \fBbp\fR. .PP -\fId2i_X509_fp()\fR is similar to \fId2i_X509()\fR except it attempts -to parse data from FILE pointer \fBfp\fR. +\&\fId2i_X509_fp()\fR is similar to \fId2i_X509()\fR except it attempts +to parse data from \s-1FILE\s0 pointer \fBfp\fR. .PP -\fIi2d_X509_bio()\fR is similar to \fIi2d_X509()\fR except it writes -the encoding of the structure \fBx\fR to BIO \fBbp\fR and it +\&\fIi2d_X509_bio()\fR is similar to \fIi2d_X509()\fR except it writes +the encoding of the structure \fBx\fR to \s-1BIO\s0 \fBbp\fR and it returns 1 for success and 0 for failure. .PP -\fIi2d_X509_fp()\fR is similar to \fIi2d_X509()\fR except it writes -the encoding of the structure \fBx\fR to BIO \fBbp\fR and it +\&\fIi2d_X509_fp()\fR is similar to \fIi2d_X509()\fR except it writes +the encoding of the structure \fBx\fR to \s-1BIO\s0 \fBbp\fR and it returns 1 for success and 0 for failure. .SH "NOTES" +.IX Header "NOTES" The letters \fBi\fR and \fBd\fR in for example \fBi2d_X509\fR stand for -\*(L"internal\*(R" (that is an internal C structure) and \*(L"DER\*(R". So that -\fBi2d_X509\fR converts from internal to DER. +\&\*(L"internal\*(R" (that is an internal C structure) and \*(L"\s-1DER\s0\*(R". So that +\&\fBi2d_X509\fR converts from internal to \s-1DER\s0. .PP -The functions can also understand \fBBER\fR forms. +The functions can also understand \fB\s-1BER\s0\fR forms. .PP The actual X509 structure passed to \fIi2d_X509()\fR must be a valid populated \fBX509\fR structure it can \fBnot\fR simply be fed with an empty structure such as that returned by \fIX509_new()\fR. .PP The encoded data is in binary form and may contain embedded zeroes. -Therefore any FILE pointers or BIOs should be opened in binary mode. -Functions such as \fBstrlen()\fR will \fBnot\fR return the correct length +Therefore any \s-1FILE\s0 pointers or BIOs should be opened in binary mode. +Functions such as \fB\f(BIstrlen()\fB\fR will \fBnot\fR return the correct length of the encoded structure. .PP The ways that \fB*in\fR and \fB*out\fR are incremented after the operation -can trap the unwary. See the \fBWARNINGS\fR section for some common +can trap the unwary. See the \fB\s-1WARNINGS\s0\fR section for some common errors. .PP The reason for the auto increment behaviour is to reflect a typical -usage of ASN1 functions: after one structure is encoded or decoded +usage of \s-1ASN1\s0 functions: after one structure is encoded or decoded another will processed after it. .SH "EXAMPLES" -Allocate and encode the DER encoding of an X509 structure: +.IX Header "EXAMPLES" +Allocate and encode the \s-1DER\s0 encoding of an X509 structure: .PP .Vb 2 \& int len; \& unsigned char *buf, *p; .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& len = i2d_X509(x, NULL); .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& buf = OPENSSL_malloc(len); .Ve +.PP .Vb 2 \& if (buf == NULL) \& /* error */ .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& p = buf; .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& i2d_X509(x, &p); .Ve +.PP If you are using OpenSSL 0.9.7 or later then this can be simplified to: .PP @@ -300,65 +252,83 @@ simplified to: \& int len; \& unsigned char *buf; .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& buf = NULL; .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& len = i2d_X509(x, &buf); .Ve +.PP .Vb 2 \& if (len < 0) \& /* error */ .Ve +.PP Attempt to decode a buffer: .PP .Vb 1 \& X509 *x; .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& unsigned char *buf, *p; .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& int len; .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& /* Something to setup buf and len */ .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& p = buf; .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& x = d2i_X509(NULL, &p, len); .Ve +.PP .Vb 2 \& if (x == NULL) \& /* Some error */ .Ve +.PP Alternative technique: .PP .Vb 1 \& X509 *x; .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& unsigned char *buf, *p; .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& int len; .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& /* Something to setup buf and len */ .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& p = buf; .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& x = NULL; .Ve +.PP .Vb 2 \& if(!d2i_X509(&x, &p, len)) \& /* Some error */ .Ve .SH "WARNINGS" +.IX Header "WARNINGS" The use of temporary variable is mandatory. A common mistake is to attempt to use a buffer directly as follows: .PP @@ -366,99 +336,86 @@ mistake is to attempt to use a buffer di \& int len; \& unsigned char *buf; .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& len = i2d_X509(x, NULL); .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& buf = OPENSSL_malloc(len); .Ve +.PP .Vb 2 \& if (buf == NULL) \& /* error */ .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& i2d_X509(x, &buf); .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& /* Other stuff ... */ .Ve +.PP .Vb 1 \& OPENSSL_free(buf); .Ve +.PP This code will result in \fBbuf\fR apparently containing garbage because it was incremented after the call to point after the data just written. -Also \fBbuf\fR will no longer contain the pointer allocated by \fBOPENSSL_malloc()\fR -and the subsequent call to \fBOPENSSL_free()\fR may well crash. +Also \fBbuf\fR will no longer contain the pointer allocated by \fB\f(BIOPENSSL_malloc()\fB\fR +and the subsequent call to \fB\f(BIOPENSSL_free()\fB\fR may well crash. .PP -The auto allocation feature (setting buf to NULL) only works on OpenSSL +The auto allocation feature (setting buf to \s-1NULL\s0) only works on OpenSSL 0.9.7 and later. Attempts to use it on earlier versions will typically cause a segmentation violation. .PP -Another trap to avoid is misuse of the \fBxp\fR argument to \fBd2i_X509()\fR: +Another trap to avoid is misuse of the \fBxp\fR argument to \fB\f(BId2i_X509()\fB\fR: .PP .Vb 1 \& X509 *x; .Ve +.PP .Vb 2 \& if (!d2i_X509(&x, &p, len)) \& /* Some error */ .Ve -This will probably crash somewhere in \fBd2i_X509()\fR. The reason for this +.PP +This will probably crash somewhere in \fB\f(BId2i_X509()\fB\fR. The reason for this is that the variable \fBx\fR is uninitialized and an attempt will be made to interpret its (invalid) value as an \fBX509\fR structure, typically causing -a segmentation violation. If \fBx\fR is set to NULL first then this will not +a segmentation violation. If \fBx\fR is set to \s-1NULL\s0 first then this will not happen. .SH "BUGS" +.IX Header "BUGS" In some versions of OpenSSL the \*(L"reuse\*(R" behaviour of \fId2i_X509()\fR when -\fB*px\fR is valid is broken and some parts of the reused structure may +\&\fB*px\fR is valid is broken and some parts of the reused structure may persist if they are not present in the new one. As a result the use of this \*(L"reuse\*(R" behaviour is strongly discouraged. .PP -\fIi2d_X509()\fR will not return an error in many versions of OpenSSL, +\&\fIi2d_X509()\fR will not return an error in many versions of OpenSSL, if mandatory fields are not initialized due to a programming error then the encoded structure may contain invalid data or omit the fields entirely and will not be parsed by \fId2i_X509()\fR. This may be fixed in future so code should not assume that \fIi2d_X509()\fR will always succeed. .SH "RETURN VALUES" -\fId2i_X509()\fR, \fId2i_X509_bio()\fR and \fId2i_X509_fp()\fR return a valid \fBX509\fR structure -or \fBNULL\fR if an error occurs. The error code that can be obtained by -ERR_get_error(3). +.IX Header "RETURN VALUES" +\&\fId2i_X509()\fR, \fId2i_X509_bio()\fR and \fId2i_X509_fp()\fR return a valid \fBX509\fR structure +or \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR if an error occurs. The error code that can be obtained by +\&\fIERR_get_error\fR\|(3). .PP -\fIi2d_X509()\fR, \fIi2d_X509_bio()\fR and \fIi2d_X509_fp()\fR return a the number of bytes +\&\fIi2d_X509()\fR, \fIi2d_X509_bio()\fR and \fIi2d_X509_fp()\fR return a the number of bytes successfully encoded or a negative value if an error occurs. The error code -can be obtained by ERR_get_error(3). +can be obtained by \fIERR_get_error\fR\|(3). .PP -\fIi2d_X509_bio()\fR and \fIi2d_X509_fp()\fR returns 1 for success and 0 if an error -occurs The error code can be obtained by ERR_get_error(3). +\&\fIi2d_X509_bio()\fR and \fIi2d_X509_fp()\fR returns 1 for success and 0 if an error +occurs The error code can be obtained by \fIERR_get_error\fR\|(3). .SH "SEE ALSO" -ERR_get_error(3) +.IX Header "SEE ALSO" +\&\fIERR_get_error\fR\|(3) .SH "HISTORY" +.IX Header "HISTORY" d2i_X509, i2d_X509, d2i_X509_bio, d2i_X509_fp, i2d_X509_bio and i2d_X509_fp are available in all versions of SSLeay and OpenSSL. - -.rn }` '' -.IX Title "d2i_X509 3" -.IX Name "d2i_X509, i2d_X509, d2i_X509_bio, d2i_X509_fp, i2d_X509_bio, -i2d_X509_fp - X509 encode and decode functions" - -.IX Header "NAME" - -.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" - -.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" - -.IX Header "NOTES" - -.IX Header "EXAMPLES" - -.IX Header "WARNINGS" - -.IX Header "BUGS" - -.IX Header "RETURN VALUES" - -.IX Header "SEE ALSO" - -.IX Header "HISTORY" -